WASHINGTON — Hailed as a major success in the US "war on terror," the capture of Indonesian cleric Hambali in Ayutthaya in 2003 is often touted by the US intelligence community as evidence that harsh interrogation methods produce results.
But the US Senate report on CIA interrogation methods released this week suggests that more mundane steps - help from Thailand, email monitoring, and a tip from a CIA source -may have been what brought down Hambali, head of militant group Jemaah Islamiah.
The US senate's report on "enhanced interrogation" says flatly that waterboarding and other aggressive questioning had nothing to do with the capture of Hambali in Ayutthaya - although the CIA claims it did.
"Frankly, we stumbled onto Hambali," the report quoted the head of the Central Intelligence Agency's counterterrorism centre in southeast Asia as saying in 2005.
Conflicting stories about the trail of clues that led investigators to Hambali illustrate one of the main disputes over the US interrogation of terror suspects: Awful as it was, did it actually work?
Tortured tip
Senior CIA officials told Congress, the White House and the Justice Department for years that a snippet of information from the brutal interrogation of senior al Qaeda operative Khalid Sheikh Mohammed led to Hambali's capture.
- Government denial:: Intel chief says 'no CIA torture here'
Accused of planning the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks on the United States, Khalid was repeatedly subjected to some of the CIA's harshest methods after he was captured. He was waterboarded - a technique intended to simulate drowning - 183 times, and was slapped, grabbed and deprived of sleep, according to the Senate report.
Khalid told CIA interrogators in early 2003 about a plan to have a former resident of the US city of Baltimore, Maryland, Majid Khan, send $50,000 to southeast Asia to fund al Qaeda attacks. The spy agency says that information helped investigators uncover a network of terror suspects in southeast Asia that led to Hambali himself.
Hambali, whose true Indonesia name is Riduan Isamuddin, was detained in Ayutthaya in August, 2003, in a joint by CIA agents working with Thai enforcement agencies.
Prior to his capture in Ayutthaya in August, 2003, there were just two known photos of the Indonesian head of Jemaah Islamiyah, code name Hambali - a passport photo and one taken by a fellow JI member on a commercial flight.
Described by former President George W Bush as "one of the world's most lethal terrorists," Hambali is suspected of having been involved in plotting the Sept. 11 attacks and the bombing of a nightclub in Bali that killed more than 200 people. He has been held at the Guantanamo US military prison in Cuba without trial since 2006.
Torture played 'no role'
Although the CIA frequently presented the capture of Hambali as evidence that torture did produce valuable intelligence, the Senate report said that the harsh treatment of Khalid, known as KSM, did not help catch Hambali.
In 2003, Hambali was among Asia's most wanted men. The main go-between for the Jemaah Islamiah group of Southeast Asia and Osama bin Laden's al Qaeda, Hambali was considered the only man from the region to win a place at al Qaeda's top table.
His capture was seen as a coup for the Bush administration and Southeast Asian governments fearful of Jemaah Islamiah's ability to launch attacks across the region.
The CIA gave "inaccurate representations regarding the capture of Hambali" in 18 documents sent to policymakers and the Department of Justice between 2003 and 2009, said the report, compiled by the Democratic majority on the Senate Intelligence Committee.
"A review of CIA operational cables and other records found that information obtained from KSM during and after the use of the CIA's enhanced interrogation techniques played no role in the capture of Hambali," the report said.
Before Khalid gave up information about Khan during interrogation, the CIA was already assembling leads that would eventually bring it and Thai investigators to Hambali, the report said.
Thailand's investigation
Some clues came from monitoring emails between al Qaeda and Khan, who was later captured in Pakistan. He gave Pakistani investigators details about al Qaeda's links to Southeast Asia that eventually pointed to Hambali, the report said.
In contrast to the CIA's use of torture, Pakistani interrogators pried information from Khan with a soft questioning technique known as "rapport building," the report said.
A CIA source contributed to the capture of Hambali by identifying an associate of Khan's in Thailand who gave information to Thai authorities that brought them closer to the Indonesian militant, the Senate document said.
JI had been active for years in Indonesia, mostly terrorising and killing Christians, including burning churches. But after the Bali bombing that killed more 200 people - more Australians than another nationality - the Indonesian police turned against Jemaah Islamiyah harshly, forcing Hambali to flee and leading directly to his capture. (AFP photo)
After Hambali's capture, Thailand also claimed credit.
"We received tipoffs from local people that there were strange-looking people staying around there so we checked their background and passports and realized that they were the people we were looking for," then Thai Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra said in 2003.
Intelligence officers disagree
Former intelligence officials disputed the Senate committee's assertions that the CIA interrogation program played no role in the hunt for Hambali.
"The report errs in not recognizing that a piece of information can be useful and even critical to reaching an analytic conclusion, even if there also are other pieces of information that were at least as useful," said Paul Pillar, a former senior CIA analyst.
They said the United States never would have tracked down and killed bin Laden in 2011 without information acquired in the interrogation program, although the Senate committee strongly refutes that.
The committee said the CIA misrepresented how it got useful information from a detainee that helped locate bin Laden.
The terror suspect, Hassan Ghul, did tell his captors the name of Bin Laden's courier as the CIA reported but he did so before undergoing torture, not during it, the report said
Hambali was believed to be in the process of organizing a follow-up to the Sept 11 attacks, possibly involving airplanes, but this time directed at the West Coast of the United States, former CIA officials say.
Michael Hayden, the ex-director of the CIA, told Fox News on Wednesday that the agency is still using information gleaned from harsh interrogations, which have since been banned.
"These interrogations of all the detainees gave us kind of a Home Depot-like storage of information on al Qaeda on which we relied, well we are still relying on it today."
The Bali bombings in October, 2002, captured headlines in Bangkok and around the world - and resulted in the first serious manhunt for Hambali, the Jemaah Islamiyah's head of terrorist operations.