Thousands of protesters took to the streets of Madrid on Saturday to demand a referendum to abolish Spain's monarchy, just days after King Juan Carlos abdicated in favour of his son.
Protesters demand a referendum on the monarchy following the abdication of King Juan Carlos, in the northern Spanish Basque city of Bilbao on June 7, 2014
"Spain, tomorrow, will be republican," they chanted, waving the red, purple and gold flags of the country's second republic, proclaimed in 1931 then overthrown eight years later by General Francisco Franco at the end of the country's catastrophic civil war.
It was only a few hours after the 76-year-old king announced his abdication on June 2 that a wave of republicanism spread across the country.
On Saturday, dozens of left-wing political parties and citizens' organisations came together to demand "A referendum now!" on the future of the monarchy.
Street protests were held in several parts of Spain, including the Basque country and Valencia as well as the capital Madrid.
"The time has come to ask the people what kind of head of state they want," said 31-year-old university researcher Jorge Lopez in Madrid.
Forty-six-year-old Crown Prince Felipe is due to be coronated, probably on June 19, in a joint session of parliament -- whose members, both in the ruling party and in opposition, overwhelmingly support the monarchy.
But a spate of scandals over the past three years have caused a dramatic drop in the monarchy's popularity, which has also been hit by the general loss of faith in Spain's institutions that has accompanied its economic crisis.
- 'Give the people a voice' -
Those feelings were evident in the results of the European Parliament elections on May 25 which saw a collapse in support for the two traditional parties.
Among the insurgent new left-wing parties was Podemos, a new party that emerged from the "Indignants" protest movement of 2011.
"We want to give a voice to the people. Why is it a problem to organise a referendum? Why is it a problem to give Spaniards the right to decide their future?" asked one of the party's leaders, Pablo Iglesias.
"If the People's Party and Socialist party think that Felipe has the confidence of the citizens, he should submit to a referendum," Iglesias said.
The republican wave has mostly engulfed the young, who were not around when Juan Carlos took the throne on November 22, 1975. It was two days after Franco's death, and the young king oversaw a dramatic period of transition to democracy, winning wide respect for his role in building modern Spain.
In announcing his abdication, Juan Carlos said he hoped for a "renewal" of the monarchy.
But a corruption scandal struck his family in 2011 at the height of an economic crisis and undermined his popularity.
The following year he sparked fresh outrage by hunting elephants in Botswana while ordinary Spaniards struggled through a recession.
Years of economic crisis "have awakened in us a desire for renewal, to overcome and correct mistakes and open the way to a decidedly better future," the king said in a televised address.
"Today a younger generation deserves to step into the front line, with new energies," he said.
Although Felipe has been spared the opprobrium that has engulfed his father, he faces a daunting task in rebuilding the legitimacy of the crown.
"The king serves no purpose," said Maria Cabrera, a 28-year-old masseuse who attended the Madrid rally.
In another sign of the political turbulence in Spain, in northeastern Catalonia -- five months ahead of the date fixed by Catalan nationalists for a self-determination referendum -- both republican and independentist flags were on display.