LONDON - Europe is facing the spectre of attacks by Islamic State (IS) jihadists with police numbers in some countries hit by austerity cuts, raising questions about whether this is making it easier for assailants to slip through the net.
Soldiers and police patrol a nearly empty shopping mall as the Belgian capital remains on the highest possible alert level, in Brussels on November 23, 2015
Following this month's Paris attacks in which 130 people died, other EU nations are on high alert.
But the tragedy has also fuelled debate about whether, in the rush to shrink deficits bloated by the 2008 financial crisis, some nations are laying off too many officers and lowering their guard.
A string of extra jobs and funding in counter-terrorism and intelligence have been announced across Europe since the November 13 tragedy in France's capital.
"In reaction to Paris, you'll probably see more and more will be put into security services and there will be a reversal of the trends," said Professor Christian Kaunert of Dundee University, director of the European Institute for Security and Justice.
"There's a massive realisation that has hit politicians because of the threat they are confronting with Daesh," he added, using a different acronym for IS.
But many of the questions come around frontline policing rather than specific counter-terrorism units.
Officers say that fewer eyes and ears on the ground means they risk missing vital information.
"It will make Britain more vulnerable to terrorism," Robert Quick, Scotland Yard's former head of counter-terrorism, told Britain's Guardian newspaper of police cuts expected in Britain's budget update on Wednesday.
"It will lead to a loss of intelligence, a loss of confidence and trust."
- Police on the beat -
In France, which currently has nearly 250,000 police and gendarmes, 13,000 were cut under the previous government between 2007 and 2012.
President Francois Hollande has since announced thousands of new security jobs, including 5,000 new police and gendarmes following the Paris attacks.
In Belgium, where the capital Brussels is on the highest security threat level as police hunt Belgian-born Paris suspect Salah Abdeslam, the government dropped plans to make a four percent saving on numbers after a jihadist cell was broken up in January.
Police in the Brussels suburb of Molenbeek, seen as a breeding ground for Islamist extremism and once home to Abdeslam, say they are short of 125 officers.
"In terms of radicalism, local police are responsible for gathering information on the ground since we are best placed for that," Johan De Becker, chief of the Brussels West police zone, told RTBF television last week.
In England and Wales, where community policing initiatives were built up after the July 7, 2005 bombings in London, the number of police has fallen nearly 12 percent since 2010.
As well as frontline cuts, finance minister George Osborne is to announce Wednesday that counter-terrorism funding is rising by 30 percent.
Prime Minister David Cameron also confirmed Monday that an extra 1,900 security and intelligence staff were being recruited.
There have also been policing cuts in countries like Italy and Spain, where 191 people were killed in the Madrid train bombings in 2004.
- 'Most expensive tactic' -
No one disputes that trying to prevent major attacks is a costly business.
Jon Moran of Leicester University, a specialist in security studies, said surveillance which can be used to track Islamists suspected of plotting attacks is "the most expensive tactic used by the police".
"Cuts to the police and security services in France and Belgium and the Netherlands may have had an effect on the ability of these services to conduct surveillance on the range of individuals and groups they have identified as targets," he added.
"Whether it's surveillance on foot, by car or by technical devices, it costs a lot of time and money in equipment and overtime."
At a time when the numbers of suspects under observation by the authorities is rising as radicalised Europeans return from fighting in IS ranks and jihadists spread propaganda on social media, differentiating credible threats from less serious ones can also suck up resources.
Some of what gets investigated will be "a bunch of schoolkid" saying: 'What if we shot down an airliner at Heathrow?' with no hope of ever pulling it off," according to Paul Swallow of Canterbury Christ Church University, an ex-Scotland Yard counter-terrorism intelligence officer.
As for knowing whether a specific attack could have been prevented had more resources been available, experts say that is virtually impossible to answer.
"If a country conducts a foreign and security policy which puts it in the front line of the struggle against jihadism then terrorists are bound to target it, however well funded the security and police services are," Moran said.