In the next 20 years, almost three billion people will join the middle class, propelling global demand for more and better housing, televisions, cars, food, water, energy and a myriad of other goods and services. But, with an increasing strain on the planet's resources, meeting this demand could carry massive environmental costs from pollution to global warming. How, then, can the world sustain economic development and reduce poverty without fuelling a catastrophe?
Answering this question is at the heart of the so-called ''third industrial revolution," which seeks to integrate renewable-energy sources with internet connectivity, developing digital manufacturing technology, and supporting green industry. In other words, the goal is to achieve sustainable production and consumption.
According to Jeremy Rifkin, the strategy's main architect, industrial revolutions are driven by the convergence of changes in the type and availability of energy and in how people connect and share information.
In Mr Rifkin's view, the third industrial revolution is an opportunity to create an "energy internet" a smart, responsive, decentralised network of energy and information that would create millions of jobs worldwide and help to eliminate energy poverty. Such a network would be based on multi-directional flows of renewable energy, supported by the digital revolution and the rise of big data.
But, according to a recent World Energy Council report, unless governments and the private sector increase their efforts considerably, ending energy poverty could take another 60-70 years.
Moreover, global CO2 emissions reached a record high in 2012. And the International Energy Agency reports that global temperatures are on track to rise to 3.6-5.3C above pre-industrial levels far more than the two degrees that climate scientists have identified as the threshold beyond which the most disastrous consequences of climate change would be triggered.
Clearly, the third industrial revolution needs help. In order to accelerate the pace of energy-related innovation, creative coalitions among governments, private firms, and civil-society groups should be established in three main areas.
The first coalition, comprising of a group of committed governments, would seek to drive down the cost of renewable energy at least to that of fossil-fuel energy within a decade. To be sure, innovations in the United States, Germany, Japan, and China have already facilitated a 70-80% reduction in the cost of solar photovoltaic power generation in the last five years. But much more can be done to ensure that costs continue to fall, and that solar power is accessible in all countries.
For example, David King, the United Kingdom's climate envoy, and the economist Richard Layard have called for increased investment in solar-energy technology. They point out that G-20 countries could "match the spending on the Apollo project", which enabled manned moon missions four decades ago, by contributing only 0.05% of their annual GDP for 10 years.
The second coalition should be a group of countries in particular, the 23 members of the Clean Energy Ministerial (CEM), which account for about 80% of global energy demand, 80% of greenhouse-gas emissions, and 90% of clean-energy investments that agree to double their economies' rate of energy efficiency. Acting together, these countries could make a massive difference with relatively modest policies.
Together with increased cooperation on technological innovation and an agreed set of policy principles that can be translated into concurrent national measures, this would boost growth in markets for energy-efficient and renewable technologies, driving costs down further.
To bolster trust, membership in the coalition would be contingent on progress, assessed according to annual disclosure requirements, with rewards for the strongest performers.
The third coalition should comprise developing countries taking advantage of gains in energy security, equity, and sustainability to leapfrog into new energy pathways, much as they took advantage of mobile telephony. To this end, China invested $67 billion (2.2 trillion baht) in renewable energy in 2012 alone, and Saudi Arabia seeks to ensure that renewables comprise 30% of its total energy consumption by 2032.
Likewise, in Brazil, renewables account for about 60% of energy consumption, and more than 99% of the population now has access to electricity, owing to the country's "light for all" programme. Ghana, South Africa, and Vietnam have also made tremendous strides in these areas.
This coalition should be led by the major emerging economies, which accounted for 40-50% of the $244 billion invested in renewables in 2012. These countries have domesticated the relevant technologies and adapted them to a developing-country context.
Now they must work together to unbundle the energy sector, reform their power utilities' governance to boost transparency and profitability, establish robust regulatory institutions, and implement longer-term policies for relevant investment.
Such South-South cooperation can help other developing countries to join the energy internet. And all of these coalitions should inspire the broader international community to adopt similar measures to advance the third industrial revolution.
Kandeh K Yumkella, is UN secretary-general's Special Representative for Sustainable Energy for All and Chief Executive Officer of the Sustainable Energy for All Initiative.