Relax, a wage boom won’t unleash demon of inflation

Relax, a wage boom won’t unleash demon of inflation

Bond yields around the world are rising as the pieces of the inflation jigsaw fall into place: a booming world economy, high and rising oil prices, strong corporate capex spending and the lowest unemployment rates in decades.

The final, missing piece is wage growth. With the world economy humming along close to potential, and unemployment so low across the developed world, it's only a matter of time before wages take off.

Once they do, inflation will be right in our faces, instead of always being just around the corner. Central banks will subsequently have to really tighten policy, and the fallout will hit all markets.

At least, that's the consensus among economists and investors scrabbling to retain faith in the "Phillips curve" theory that economic growth leads to more jobs, lower unemployment, higher wages and ultimately inflation.

But rising wages don't always fuel inflation. And if that's how it plays out this year, investors will have to radically readjust their expectations on how high policy and market interest rates will go.

Joe Lavorgna, chief US economist at Natixis, goes further. He notes that the correlation between US wage growth and inflation, and wage growth and the unemployment rate over the past quarter of a century has been "basically zero".

The reasons wage growth has been so weak for so long, even in relative economic boom times, are well-known: rapid advances in technology, automation, globalisation, falling trade union membership, demographic changes and fragmented labour markets thanks to more part-time, freelance and temporary work.

There's little indication this transfer of wealth to capital from labour will slow or stop, far less reverse, any time soon.

Strong earnings growth isn't inflationary if marginal increases are saved. This is a risk in the current environment given how high aggregate consumer debt levels are. According to McKinsey, "household debt continues to grow rapidly, and deleveraging is rare". Some pockets in certain countries are showing record levels of debt, such as US student and auto loans. Borrowers are likely to use higher wages to pay down debt, not consume.

Then there's the question of how income growth is distributed. The world's richest people are getting richer, with the top 1% now owning half of the planet's wealth compared with 43% a decade ago, according to Credit Suisse. How much more can they actually spend? Let's assume wage growth does take off. Traditional economic theory dictates it will almost certainly be driven by a productivity surge (also conspicuous by its absence in the current expansion), as workers producing more per hour demand more compensation per hour.

But rising productivity is a deflationary force. All else equal, if output per hour is rising then the nominal value of those goods and services produced falls.

In any case, the link between productivity and wages is fragmenting. An OECD paper last year found that: "Over the past two decades, aggregate labour productivity growth in most OECD countries has decoupled from real median compensation growth, implying that raising productivity is no longer sufficient to raise real wages for the typical worker."

And if earnings growth remains elusive, Japan's experience of the last 20 years, like many aspects of post-crisis global markets and economics, is again a useful guide.

Apart from a brief three-year period around the turn of the millennium, unemployment in Japan has been lower than the US jobless rate every single month since the early 1950s. Japan's labour market is almost always tighter than the US labour market.

Yet wage growth and inflation have been anaemic. Annual earnings growth has barely risen above 2% over the past quarter of a century, and indeed, for much of that time wages have fallen.

Japan has been battling against deflation for getting on decades. Apart from a two-year period from late 2013 to late 2015, Japan has consistently had lower inflation than the United States over the past 40 years, despite a tighter labour market.

Either way, rising wages may not be the source of inflation many currently expect.


Jamie McGeever is a Reuters columnist.

Jamie McGeever

Editor at Reuters Insider TV

Jamie McGeever is editor at Reuters Insider TV.

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