As 2021 begins -- not soon enough for most of us -- we take one last look at the year that was.
For Thailand, 2020 was a year of turmoil, disruption and contrasts. Simmering discontent boiled over for some in the form of protests, and the coronavirus pandemic impacted all. The nation escaped the horrific numbers of Covid-19 deaths seen by other countries, but the economy was not spared. The resurgence of coronavirus deepens economic gloom.
Worst year: Asia's Poorest
As in too many places, it is the poorest and most vulnerable in Asia -- the forgotten men, women and children, of the region -- who have been hit hardest by Covid-19. The World Bank reports that Asia's most vulnerable have borne the brunt of a "triple shock" -- the pandemic itself, the economic fallout from the containment measures, and the ensuing global recession. In Thailand and elsewhere in Southeast Asia, migrant workers in particular have suffered the consequences of economic lockdowns. The diversity of victims of the coronavirus's economic impact has ranged from seafood workers from Myanmar in Thailand's seafood industry to medical glove factory workers from Nepal in Malaysia.
Amid collapsing tourism and weakened exports, hunger grows, and access to jobs, technology and education shrinks. The Asian Development Bank now projects that the coronavirus could push 160 million more into poverty across Asia. The region's poverty rate will increase for the first time in 20 years, says the World Bank.
And so sadly, it is Asia's rapidly growing class of the "new Covid poor" who receive the depressing distinction of the worst year in Asia.
Bad year: WHO and Ghebreyesus
It should have been a year for the WHO to shine. Instead, the specialised UN health agency and its beleaguered director-general, Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus of Ethiopia, found themselves in a no-win situation facing accusations of not holding China accountable for its less than transparent handling of the coronavirus.
Hidebound by the rules of bureaucracy and diplomacy, the WHO could say little as China delayed release of information, allowed millions to travel from Wuhan during the Chinese New Year period, and cracked down on citizen journalists and whistleblowers. In February, Chinese doctor Li Wenliang himself died from Covid-19 after seeking to warn others of a mysterious Sars-like virus early on.
President Trump said the US -- the WHO's largest donor--would leave the organisation, alleging that Dr Ghebreyesus and the WHO were beholden to China. A turnaround could be at hand with a new US Administration, but it's been a decidedly bad year for WHO and Dr Ghebreyesus.
Mixed year: Xi and Belt and Road
China President Xi Jinping's successes at home so far in crushing Covid-19 and dissent in Hong Kong were tempered by growing pushback abroad in 2020 against his much-touted "Belt and Road Initiative".
This grand "One Belt One Road" infrastructure scheme launched in 2013 to connect some 70 countries with a "new Silk Road" of Chinese-financed ports, railways and highways, and other projects ran into growing push back amid Covid-19 slowdowns and worries about debt owed to China.
This was underscored at year-end as Australia approved new laws that would give Prime Minister Scott Morrison powers to veto or scrap agreements that state governments reach with foreign countries, including a BRI project in the state of Victoria.
A 2020 Pew Research survey fielded in 14 countries including Australia, the US and several Asian and European nations revealed that attitudes toward Xi and China have now reached new lows. 78% of respondents stated that they had little or no confidence Mr Xi would do the right thing in global affairs, up from 61% in 2019.
Yes, 2020 was a decidedly mixed year for Mr Xi despite, or perhaps because of, the reality of China's engagement abroad -- from conflict on the Himalayan border with India to trade tensions and disputes over the Mekong River and the South China Sea.
Good year: Asia's e-commerce
The United States might have Amazon, and Thai consumers know Lazada and Shopee, but a diversity of Asia's e-commerce giants also found 2020 to be an emphatically good year.
E-commerce in Asia was already on the rise well before Covid-19. GoJek of Indonesia and Grab of Singapore have long had well established digital payment platforms. And with the pandemic, the pace of adoption has quickened as lockdowns drove more consumers from India to Japan online.
Chinese e-commerce giants Alibaba and JD.com racked up a record US$115 billion (3.4 trillion baht) in sales on a single day. And a report from Google, Temasek Holdings and Bain & Company projects e-commerce in Southeast Asia to exceed $100 billion by 2025, up from $38 billion in 2019.
All this is good news across Asia for e-commerce platforms such as Tokopedia, Taobao, Shopify, Bukalapak and Sendo. Importantly, it might also herald many a good year ahead as consumers build on new digital habits, from fintech to telemedicine.
Great year: Tsai and Ardern
Both women won landslide re-election this year, but that's not all that Taiwan President Tsai Ing-wen and New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern have in common. These two leaders led charges against Covid-19, instituting strict lockdown measures that prevented community transmission in their countries while also avoiding the draconian practices adopted by China.
In mid-December, Taiwan with a population of about 24 million had reported just 759 cases and seven deaths. New Zealand with a population of about 5 million had recorded 2110 cases and 25 deaths. Ms Arden has also remained unruffled during a live telecast in the midst of an earthquake, and continues to lead her nation forward amid enduring climate change and terrorism worries.
And when it comes to economic numbers, Ms Tsai and the people and businesses of Taiwan may well be a role model for all. A campaign proclaiming "Taiwan can help" has sought to turn the island's success in battling Covid-19 into geopolitical gains. By mid-December, Taiwan's 2020 economic growth looked to outpace much of Asia's including that of mainland China -- the world's second-largest economy -- for the first time in decades.
So, in this most difficult of years, the "Best Year in Asia" gong goes to a dynamic duo of decisive female leaders who are showing the way to a better year ahead.
Curtis S Chin, a former US ambassador to the Asian Development Bank, is managing director of advisory firm RiverPeak Group, LLC. Jose B Collazo is a Southeast Asia analyst and project consultant at RiverPeak Group. Follow them on Twitter at @curtisschin and @josebcollazo.