LONDON: Tin prices have leapt higher on news of a possible production halt in Myanmar, the world’s third-largest producer of the metal.
Three-month tin futures contracts on the London Metal Exchange jumped 11% on Monday to hit a two-month high of $27,705 per tonne and were last trading at $27,180. They took their lead from the Shanghai Futures Exchange (ShFE), which was already seeing record levels of trading activity before the latest turmoil.
The unexpected threat to supply comes in the form of a statement from the Central Economic Planning Committee of Wa State, home to Myanmar’s most powerful ethnic armed group, which controls the tin-mining area on the border with China.
All mining and processing activities will be “suspended” from the start of August to preserve the remaining resource, according to a document seen by Reuters.
It seems a strange move, given tin is such an important source of revenue for the self-declared state, and there may well be more to the announcement than meets the eye.
But it serves to highlight the importance of one of the most inaccessible parts of southeast Asia to the global tin supply chain.
China’s tin smelters are particularly exposed even though they have been trying to cut their dependence on ore from Myanmar.
Myanmar was a significant producer of tin before World War II but the industry had all but vanished by the end of the last century.
The first anyone knew of a significant new tin find was in 2013, when large quantities of ore and concentrates from Myanmar started turning up in China’s import figures.
Imports from Myanmar grew from 30,000 tonnes in 2012 to 89,000 tonnes in 2013 and mushroomed to almost 500,000 tonnes in 2016. The mid-decade peak coincided with a sharp drop in implied value, suggesting the movement of lower-grade stockpiled metal.
The flow of imported raw materials has since stabilised at around 150,000 to 200,000 tonnes a year.
What began as small-scale and artisanal mining quickly became mechanised and semi-formalised as the United Wa State Army (UWSA) took control of the core Man Maw mining area.
The International Tin Association visited the site in 2016 and estimated it was operating close to its contained metal capacity of 50,000 tonnes per year, albeit with significant potential for new finds.
The United States Geological Survey estimates production last year fell to 31,000 tonnes from 36,900 tonnes in 2021, still making the country the world’s third-largest supplier after China and Indonesia.
It’s a controversial one, too, given that the UWSA was put on the United States sanctions list in 2003 for alleged narcotics trafficking.
Chinese dependence
The Myanmar tin boom occurred at the right time for China’s tin smelters, many of which were struggling to bring on new mining capacity as Beijing steadily tightened environmental controls on the mining sector.
But the risks of becoming overly dependent on its neighbour became apparent when Covid-19 restrictions massively disrupted both Myanmar’s mining output and the flow of raw materials over the border.
China’s smelters have been busy tracking down new potential sources of tin.
The ratio of Myanmar imports has fallen from nearly 100% of total ore and concentrates imports over the middle of the last decade to 77% in 2022.
Last year’s imports included 23,500 tonnes from the Democratic Republic of Congo, 11,500 tonnes from Australia and 3,000 tonnes from Nigeria as well smaller amounts from Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia and Russia.
However, it’s doubtful that supply from alternative sources could be ramped up fast enough or at sufficient scale to offset the loss, even temporary, of material from Myanmar.
Supply insecurity
The speed of Monday’s price action says as much about market positioning as it does about the immediate supply impact.
The Shanghai tin market has recently seen extremely elevated levels of trading activity, with both turnover and open interest hitting fresh life-of-contract highs in March. Last month’s volumes of 5.34 million tonnes were 14 times greater than last year’s global production of 380,000 tonnes.
Shifts in open interest on nthe Shanghai market suggest tin’s new speculative friends have been trading from the short side, or they were until Monday, when open interest surged again into the price rally.
The bearish stance made sense given a significant easing in soldering demand from a slowing consumer electronics sector and the build-up in visible inventory in China.
Shanghai-registered stocks have risen by 65% since the start of January to 9,056 tonnes, their highest level since 2017.
That will provide plenty of short-term cushion for Chinese buyers as they and everyone else wait to see if Wa State is serious about suspending production.
However, the threat alone underscores the fragility of tin supply at a time when Indonesia, the largest exporter of the metal in refined form, is considering an export ban to stimulate the build-out of downstream processing capacity.
The tin production sector has been chronically underinvested for many years and has ridden its luck on small-scale miners finding the big deposits, as was the case in Myanmar in the 2010s and Brazil in the 1990s.
A failure to diversify supply has left tin’s fortunes at least partly dependent for now on the shadowy UWSA and its opaque policy-making processes.