WASHINGTON: US President Joe Biden's bid to draw Vietnam closer as a strategic ally will clash head-on with his desire for union workers' votes on Wednesday as the Commerce Department hears testimony on whether to designate Vietnam as a "market economy".
The move, opposed by US steelmakers and Gulf Coast shrimpers but backed by retailers and other business groups, would reduce the punitive anti-dumping duties set on Vietnamese imports because of its current status as a non-market economy with heavy state influence.
"Vietnam is already a market economy," said Ted Osius, head of the US-Asean Business Council, which backs the upgrade. "It has met key criteria such as currency convertibility and is ready for an accurate designation."
The Commerce Department will hear arguments from both sides during a virtual hearing on Wednesday afternoon in Washington as part of a review due to be completed in late July.
Vietnam has argued to be freed of the non-market label because of recent economic reforms, saying retaining the moniker is bad for increasingly close two-way ties that Washington sees as a counterbalance to China.
During Biden's visit to Hanoi last year, the two countries elevated ties to a "comprehensive strategic partnership", lifting Washington's diplomatic status in Vietnam to match China and Russia.
Last year, Vietnamese Prime Minister Pham Minh Chinh also urged US Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen for an end to the non-market label, befitting Vietnam's status as a US "friend-shoring" destination to diversify supply chains away from China.
The current designation lumps Vietnam in with China, Russia, Belarus, Azerbaijan and nine other countries as non-market economies subject to higher anti-dumping duties.
"American businesses are already investing significantly in Vietnam as they recognise its growth potential," said Osius, a former US ambassador to Vietnam.
The Commerce Department has a fairly narrow set of criteria for determining market economy status.
These include the extent to which the country's currency is convertible; its wage rates are a result of free bargaining between labour and management, and permission for joint ventures or other foreign investment.
Further criteria include whether the government owns or controls the means of production and the government controls the allocation of resources and price and output decisions.
It can also consider other factors.
Lower shrimp duties
Goods from non-market economies are subject to higher tariff rates in anti-dumping duty investigations that use third-country proxy prices to determine a product's fair market value.
This year, the US International Trade Commission renewed anti-dumping duties of 25.76% on frozen farmed shrimp from Vietnam, but duties on shrimp from Thailand, a market economy, are only 5.34%.
The Southern Shrimp Alliance of US shrimp fishermen and processors said it opposed the grant of market economy status because of Vietnam's bars on land ownership, its weak labor laws and lower shrimp duties that would hurt its members.
Upgrading Vietnam's status also faces significant opposition in Congress, with eight US senators and 31 members of the House of Representatives making similar arguments to Commerce Secretary Gina Raimondo.
They have urged her to also consider that the move would aid Chinese state firms that have invested heavily in Vietnam, by letting them more easily circumvent US tariffs on their goods.
Roy Houseman, legislative director of the United Steelworkers Union (USW), added that the change would "erode our domestic manufacturing base, undermine US supply chain resiliency and reinforce Vietnam's role as a conduit for an influx of unfairly traded Chinese goods."
Biden has heavily courted union votes in the looming November presidential election, particularly from steelworkers in the key swing state of Pennsylvania.
He has opposed Nippon Steel's proposed takeover of Pittsburgh-based US Steel, and called for sharply higher "Section 301" tariffs on imports of Chinese steel.