In a church on the edge of Bangkok, dozens of Vietnamese refugees sing at a joyful service, sharing a moment of respite from their lives in fear of arrest or deportation.
Not a signatory to the UN Refugee Convention, Thailand does not distinguish between refugees and other migrants, and thousands of people live in the country under the radar.
Later this month, a new system will come into force, which authorities say will allow them to discern between people for whom it would be too dangerous to return home, and others living in Thailand illegally.
Refugees and rights activists are wary, however, saying the system could be used unfairly, and even help expedite deportations for those deemed ineligible for asylum.
“All of us are worried and afraid as we live illegally,” Vietnamese pastor Sung Seo Hoa told AFP.
A member of Vietnam’s Hmong minority, the Christian pastor said he fled his country’s highlands 12 years ago after coming under pressure from the communist government.
Hoa said he and others in his community lead a life of fear.
“We are afraid of police arrest, being put in jail and deported back to Vietnam. That’s what we are very afraid of, 24 hours a day,” he said.
Hoa does not intend to go through the new screening process.
“There are risks if we apply. … They also have the right to deport us back to Vietnam. I don’t think I will apply for it,” he said. (Story continues below)
Members of the Vietnamese Hmong community living in Thailand, many of whom are asylum seekers, gather after Sunday service at a Christian church in Bangkok. (Photo: AFP)
‘Fox in the chicken coop’
Under the new National Screening Mechanism, set to be introduced on Sept 22, Thai police will begin screening 5,000 mostly urban refugees and asylum seekers.
Applicants who are granted “protected person” status will be given temporary residence permits, as well as access to healthcare and schools — but not the right to work.
Naiyana Thanawattho from Asylum Access Thailand, which provides legal assistance, says the scheme is “a step in a good direction” but could be “used as a screen-out process, not a screen-in”.
A key area of concern is what Phil Robertson, deputy director for Asia at Human Rights Watch, called a “national security escape hatch”.
“There are very broad undefined provisions connected to national security which the government could say ‘for national security reasons we don’t want to screen that person as a refugee and we don’t need to tell you why’,” Robertson said.
This could affect particular groups such as Uyghurs from China, the Rohingya Muslim minority from Myanmar, and North Koreans, he added.
The new system could be “ripe for abuse”, Robertson said, as police will be heading the screening committee.
“This is like putting the fox in charge of the chicken coop.
The Thai Immigration Bureau is still working on details of the scheme — including whether applicants will be placed in immigration detention.
“There is going to end up being a certain pay-to-play game going on. Once the system gets going people will be able to get status if they have money,” Robertson said.
The screening process will include criminal background checks, which Patrick Phongsathorn of the campaign group Fortify Rights said risked ensnaring Myanmar anti-coup activists who have “unfounded criminal charges against their names”. (Story continues below)
Sung Seo Hoa, a Hmong Christian pastor, sings with his congregation during a Sunday service at a Christian church in Bangkok. (Photo: AFP)
‘Dissident swap shop’
Thailand’s track record on deporting refugees — including 109 Uyghurs to China in 2015 — was also a source of distrust, Patrick added.
“We see there is cooperation between repressive governments in this region in terms of taking out each other’s dissidents — a swap shop if you will,” he said.
In 2019 a Vietnamese journalist and government critic disappeared from a Bangkok shopping mall, resurfacing in Vietnam where he was sentenced to 10 years in prison, according to US monitoring group Freedom House.
Four Cambodian dissidents deported from Thailand in 2021 were also arrested upon return.
Asked whether applicants’ information would be shared with foreign governments, the Thai Department of International Organisations said “respect for privacy and confidentiality” are core principles.
“We have a decades-long humanitarian tradition,” the department said, adding that under the customary principle of non-refoulement, it would not return failed applicants to their countries.
Non-refoulement means that a person cannot be returned to a place where he or she would be in danger of certain fundamental rights violations.
The department also said applicants could appeal against a rejection within 90 days.
Under the current system, the UN High Commissioner for Refugees has carried out screenings, but it is not clear how much longer that will continue.
The agency says it has been working with Thailand to “establish a fair, efficient and transparent protection mechanism in line with international standards”.