CHAI NAT: After finishing her latest rice harvest, Sripai Kaeo-eam hurriedly cleared her fields and planted a new crop in late August — ignoring a government advisory to restrict further sowing of the grain this year to conserve water.
"This crop is our hope," said the 58-year-old farmer in central Chai Nat province, pointing to her green paddy seedlings only a few inches tall. Ms Sripai, who is trying to dig her way out of more than 200,000 baht of debt, is motivated by the global spike in rice prices, which are close to their highest level in about 15 years after India — the world's biggest shipper of the water-intensive grain — curbed exports. Farmers across the agrarian heartland that makes Thailand the world's second-largest rice exporter should be poised to benefit.
Instead, the amount of land under rice cultivation in decreased 14.5% in August compared to the same month last year, according to previously unreported government estimates. The figure has declined every year since 2020. The country's centuries-old rice cultivation system is under severe stress from climate change, unsustainable farm debts and a lack of innovation, according to interviews with two experts and a review of government data.
These pressures on the sector, reported in detail for the first time by Reuters, are squeezing debt-laden farmers despite tens of billions of dollars in subsidies over the past decade.
The handouts came in place of boosting agricultural research spending, which hammered productivity, the experts said. Many farming families are financially burdened after borrowing to fund their crops, according to government data, with debt now spanning generations.
A drop in cultivated land could slash rice output, adding to already rampant food inflation after drought conditions in other key rice-producing countries and hitting billions of consumers for whom the grain is a staple food, said agricultural expert Somporn Isvilanonda.
Thailand exported 7.7 million tonnes of milled rice in 2022 to countries across the Middle East, Asia and Africa, according to Krungsri Research.
"The cultivated area is down because of lack of rainfall and irrigated water," said Mr Somporn, a senior fellow at the state-affiliated Knowledge Network Institute of Thailand (KNIT).
The water shortage is likely to worsen into 2024 as the dry El Nino weather phenomenon strengthens, according to government projections.
A farmer counts money after he sells his rice to a mill in Chainat province, Aug 29, 2023.
On the line for millions of farmers is not only their current crop, but a narrow window to escape a life crushed by debt. A good harvest could fetch prices that are up to double or triple that of most years, Ms Sripai said.
"Now I am dreaming," she said, "because India has stopped exporting."
The government's rice department did not respond to questions sent by Reuters.
Rice is central to the kingdom. A little under half its farmland is marked for rice cultivation, with over five million households involved, according to Krungsri.
Successive governments have spent 1.2 trillion baht on price and income interventions for rice farmers in the last decade, estimates Mr Somporn.
"But the government didn't do enough ... to improve productivity," he said. Though prices are now high, "farmers cannot take the opportunity to produce rice." He added that he expected output to drop around 30% over the next two growing seasons due to the water shortage.
Debt and drought
On a sweltering August morning, dozens of farmers and land owners protested outside a state-run agricultural bank in Chai Nat, where they had waited overnight to meet officials.
Danai Saengthabthim, 60, was among those at the hours-long meeting, where he sought to convince officials not to seize his land for failing to repay debts that have swelled over two generations.
He is now pinning his hopes on the new coalition government for help. "The debt has just kept increasing over time," he said.
The Bank for Agriculture and Agricultural Cooperatives said it does not have a policy of confiscating land from farmers who unintentionally default.
Even before the new government took office, Ms Sripai and other farmers from the region made repeated trips to the capital, Bangkok, to lobby the agriculture ministry.
"All the farmers in our group have debts," said Ms Sripai, who pays a rate of 6.875% on her loan. "We got the debt when we faced droughts, floods, and pests."
Farmers gather in front of a local Bank for Agriculture and Agricultural Cooperatives to convince officials to not confiscate the lands for failing to repay debt, in Chai Nat province, Aug 30, 2023.
Thailand has one of Asia's highest household debt levels. In 2021, 66.7% of all agricultural households were in debt, largely from farming-related activities, according to government data. Prime Minister Srettha Thavisin said in his first policy statement before parliament last week that the government will seek to improve farm incomes.
"There will be a consolidation of water management resources, innovations ... to increase yields as well as finding new markets for agriculture product," he said, adding that there would also be a moratorium on some farm loans. "Extreme weather patterns brought on by the El Nino phenomenon are creating risks for farmers."
Rainfall this year has been 18% lower than normal and key reservoirs are filled to only about 54% of total capacity, according to the Office of the National Water Resources.
Climate change will likely exacerbate matters, with experts expecting a decline in average rice yield and wider fluctuations in production.
'Trapped in our success'
The foundation for the rice sector was laid in the late 19th century during the reign of King Chulalongkorn, who promoted free trade and agricultural and land reforms, said Nipon Poapongsakorn, an agricultural expert at the Thailand Development Research Institute.
Decades of investment in research and infrastructure allowed farmers to switch to high-yielding varieties beginning in the 1960s, cementing the country's then-position as the world's largest rice exporter, said KNIT's Somporn.
"When you grow high yielding variety, you have to grow it in irrigated areas," he said. Governments largely steered clear of market interventions until former prime minister Yingluck Shinawatra in 2011 rolled out a scheme that paid rice farmers above-market rates for their crop, both experts said.
That move kicked off a decade of handouts that stymied productivity in the rice sector, leaving average yields per rai (0.4 acres) lower than those of Bangladesh and Nepal, said Mr Nipon. Yingluck was sentenced in absentia to prison on negligence charges for her role in the scheme that cost the state billions of dollars. She has previously denied wrongdoing and did not return a request for comment sent through a representative.
Farmers harvest rice in a field in Chai Nat province, Aug 31, 2023.
In 2018, according to data provided by Mr Nipon, Thai farmers produced 485 kg of rice per rai, compared to 752 kg and 560 kg in Bangladesh and Nepal respectively.
"We got trapped in our success," he said, underlining a drop in rice research investment from 300 million baht a decade ago to the 120 million baht allocated for this year. "Our rice variety is very old, our yield is very low."
Farmers can only legally grow varieties approved by the government and could face challenges finding buyers if they were to grow variants from elsewhere, which may not be suitable for cultivation in Thailand, said Mr Somporn.
In recent years, countries like India and Vietnam made sizeable investments in research, pulling ahead of the kingdom in terms of productivity and gaining traction in the export market, the experts said.
The average Thai farmer's income has dwindled. In the last decade, rice growers made positive net returns from their first crop in just three years, according to government data.
In the years since Ms Sripai followed her family into the paddy fields, the challenges have multiplied, but current prices offer a rare opportunity.
"We're hoping we can clear our debts," she said, sitting in front of the ramshackle wooden building where she lives. "We're keeping our fingers crossed."