The dictionaries have decided on their 2018 words of the year. Oxford picked "toxic". Merriam-Webster went for "justice". Collins chose "single-use". However, I'd zero in on "misgovernment". Surely, 2018 saw a number of countries misruled by the worst crop of world leaders in recent memory.
The most egregious examples are in the news every day. US President Donald Trump tops the chart as he runs out of straws to clutch in trying to convince Americans that his election has been good. The stock market bump of which he was so proud of is disappearing. The fiscal deficit is the highest since 2012. Trade wars notwithstanding, the trade deficit is at a 10-year high.
The turnover on the presidential staff has reached catastrophic levels: 65% of Mr Trump's "A-Team" has been replaced since his election as of Dec 14, according to the Brookings Institution, and that doesn't even include cabinet members (12 of the 24 officials in the cabinet have been replaced and now a 13th, Defence Secretary James Mattis, is leaving). Mr Trump is having trouble filling once-coveted positions, and the officials he fired and those who have resigned are sometimes unconstrained in criticising him.
All this doesn't even scratch the surface of what Mr Trump has done. The damage he has wreaked on the US role in the world is only beginning to manifest itself. Almost everywhere (with a few exceptions such as Israel and South Korea), favourable views of the US are declining. Alliances are loosening and the multilateral world order is creaking.
Almost as obvious is the misgovernment of the UK. Blind to the reality of disappearing economic growth, slowing business investment and a growing trade deficit, Prime Minister Theresa May's government has persevered in trying to pull the country out of the European Union (EU) and in fantasising about withdrawal terms that the EU rejected from the start. Destroyed by the EU's dream team of super-competent negotiators, Ms May's bungling, ill-prepared representatives flailed about, resigned in exasperation and finally produced a deal nobody really wants -- not even the EU, though it's skewed heavily in its favour. With her support weak even within her own party and her negotiating options exhausted, Ms May now is setting up the country for a no-deal Brexit scenario that would cause massive disruption to millions of lives -- anything to avoid the only reasonable option, a new vote on EU membership for a UK public that found out this year it had been misled by Brexit campaigners who lied about the consequences of withdrawal.
Even beyond these two most obvious examples of mismanagement and incompetence, things aren't looking much better. Last year, Emmanuel Macron of France looked like the Western world's great hope with his sweeping reform plans and a grand vision for a tighter-knit EU. He ends the year in retreat before what's looking like the most effective Facebook-driven revolt in a Western nation to date, the 'Yellow Vest' movement that started as a protest against a small increase in fuel taxes but grew into a violent anti-elite rebellion. Mr Macron has undermined his reform ambitions by making concessions worth up to €11 billion (408 billion baht) a year, and his popularity hasn't recovered.
Another potential leader of the west, German Chancellor Angela Merkel, spent most of the year hobbled by an open revolt within her party, the Christian Democratic Union, and its Bavarian sister party, the Christian Social Union. The conservative rebels paralysed the government demanding tougher immigration policies and forcing Ms Merkel into exhausting backroom battles that left her drained, sometimes even apathetic. The Union performed badly in two important state elections, and Ms Merkel was forced to give up the party leadership. Though her successor, Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer, won the leadership election earlier this month, the split in the party hasn't been healed and a lame-duck Ms Merkel hasn't acted as though the lifted burden of party politics has freed her up to be more assertive as chancellor. The best she's been able to do is ensure stability, which looks to many Germans like stagnation at a time when the country is falling behind others in technology and underinvesting in areas such as education and infrastructure.
This was a year of chaos elsewhere too.
The government in Italy drew up a fantasy budget that included a version of a universal basic income and fought with the EU over it (only to end up lowering its projections) while the economy slid toward recession.
In Spain, Mariano Rajoy's centre-right government buckled under the weight of corruption scandals and the outgoing prime minister spent a whole day at a restaurant as Socialist rival Pedro Sanchez unseated him in a kind of parliamentary coup. Mr Sanchez, however, isn't doing too well, either: His government is beset by scandals, he faces a reprise of troublemaking by Catalonian separatists that made it almost impossible for Mr Rajoy to focus on anything else. Now, for the first time in decades, a nationalist-populist party, Vox, is gaining popularity and has won representation in Andalusia's regional parliament.
It hasn't been a great year for strongmen and hybrid regimes, either.
Russian President Vladimir Putin was re-elected but has since seen a drop in popularity following a highly unpopular retirement-age increase. Russia's economy and Russians' incomes are stagnating, and Mr Putin's been constrained overseas by a string of public failures by Russia's aggressive military intelligence service and an inability to build a working relationship with the US.
India's Narendra Modi goes into 2019 having lost elections in three states where his Bharatiya Janata Party was previously dominant. Mr Modi's hubris and the lasting effects of his policy mistakes, such as the disastrous "demonetisation" of 2016 in which Mr Modi took 86% of the country's cash out of circulation, are partly responsible for his weakening hold on power. Urjit Patel, the central bank governor, resigned earlier this month after Mr Modi's repeated attempts to weaken the bank's independence and get control over its reserves. Though economic growth has been strong, it hasn't been inclusive as Mr Modi had promised.
Turkey's Recep Tayyip Erdogan consolidated his power with an election win, but he's mismanaging Turkey's economy. The Bloomberg consensus forecast sees the country plunging into recession starting this quarter and the lira is the world's second-worst performing currency.
Saudi Arabian Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman has seen his reputation destroyed by the October murder of Washington Post columnist Jamal Khashoggi in Istanbul. The brutal act has undermined international support for the prince and thrown a monkey wrench into his plans to reduce the Saudi economy's oil dependence. Saudi Arabia's arch-rival, Iran, isn't doing much better. Beset by domestic protests and hit again by US sanctions from which European powers have been unable to protect it, Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei has had an awful year.
The current crew of error-prone rulers makes for a fractious world with a growing potential for conflict. The elites, both democratic and authoritarian, are weak, and they invite backlash.
Most intriguingly, Chinese President Xi Jinping, who has avoided major errors for years, may have made some in 2018. It's unclear whether accepting Mr Trump's trade-war challenge was a good idea. For all its might, China is still a middle-income country that's extremely dependent on trade. Mr Xi's battle against Mr Trump may win him sympathy in Europe, but Europeans aren't natural allies for China. Mr Xi's show of strength may be premature, and that will become clear in the next couple of years.
The shortage of competent, clear-headed, hubris-free leadership in today's world may be a freak accident. But if it's the new normal, living in this world will require new skills from ordinary people, too. Vigilance and easy mobility in case a country deteriorates intolerably are two of them; a capacity for constructive protest is a third. Bad leadership isn't just something we read about on news sites. It could signal the deterioration of institutions, both global and domestic, that shape our lives. ©2018 Bloomberg Opinion
Leonid Bershidsky is a Bloomberg Opinion columnist.